An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding Paperback – 29 April 2020

Esse texto foi modificado usando linguagem coloquial e moderna. Não recomendado para estuda acadêmico.

Most of the time you are under the impression it is an automatic translation from a foreign language. And a bad one at that. As a result, the speech is rather difficult to follow

Das "Taschenbuchformat" von Humes Enquiry ist das Schlechteste, was ich je von Buch in Händen hielt. Ich rede nicht vom Inhalt - sondern lediglich von der Ausgabe. Hinten steht, "Amazon Distribution GmbH" habe das Buch gedruckt, aber das "Buch" zu nennen ist mehr als euphemistisch.Warum?1. Keine Seitenzahlen!!2. Das "Inhaltsverzeichnis" (index) ist nicht nutzbar aufgrund fehlender Seitenzahlen.3. Formatierung grausam! Sieht aus, als hätte man einfach den Text auf ein Format gebracht und losgedruckt, ohne zu kontrollieren. Ganz unten auf der Seite fängt plötzlich "SECTION V" an, die Überschrift folgt dann auf der nächsten Seite ganz oben. Von einem wissenschaftlichen Druck ganz zu schweigen.4. Das Buch enthält Fehler. Es stehen Fragezeichen mitten im Text.5. Es fehlen Angaben bzgl. Erscheinungsjahr, Ursprung etc. (da auch kein Kommentar, keine Vorrede oder Beschreibung zu finden ist).Frechheit, Geld für so einen Mist zu verlangen. Da druck ich mir das Ganze lieber selber raus [...]

Rene Descartes (1596-1650), "the father of modern philosophy," was a rationalist who attempted to attain certainty by discovering "first principles" on which he could overcome skeptical doubt and establish irrefutable truth. He claimed that one thing is absolutely certain: Cogito, ergo sum ("I think, therefore I am"). From this solid rock on which to stand, he proceeded to claim that by reason alone he could prove the existence of God, the immortality of the soul, and the reality of an afterlife.Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) was trained in the rationalist tradition, but when he read David Hume's work, the impact shattered his way of thinking. In the preface to his `Prolegomenon,' Kant stated that reading Hume woke him from his "dogmatic slumbers." If Hume was right, then metaphysics, as Kant had previously believed it, was impossible, nothing but "sophistry and illusion." In his most famous work, Critique of Pure Reason, Kant wrote, "I have therefore found it necessary to deny knowledge [that is, show the limits of reason and human understanding] in order to make room for faith."An empiricist and skeptic, David Hume (1711-1776) was born and died in Edinburgh, Scotland. His magnum opus, An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (1748), like Kant's Critique of Pure Reason (1781), is one of the key texts of the 18th-century Enlightenment. Taking a dim view of miracles, mysticism, and metaphysics, Hume skeptically asserted that empirical proofs of religion (such as the existence of God, the immortality of the soul, and an afterlife) are not possible. In effect, he was saying (to paraphrase Kant), "I have therefore found it necessary to deny knowledge [that is, reason and human understanding] in order to make room for lack of faith [that is, to make room for skepticism and unbelief]."In the famous last paragraph of his Enquiry, Hume writes: "When we run over libraries, persuaded of these [empirical and skeptical] principles, what havoc must we make? If we take in our hand any volume: of divinity or school metaphysics, for instance, let us ask: Does it contain any abstract reasoning concerning quantity or number? No. Does it contain any experimental reasoning concerning matter of fact and experience? No. Commit it then to the flames: For it can contain nothing but sophistry and illusion."Hume clarifies the terms "a priori" reasoning (deduction) and "a posteriori" empiricism (induction). Deductive reasoning is done "before experience," such as the mathematical conclusion that 2 + 2 = 4. Inductive reasoning is done "after experience"; it is the scientific method (forming hypotheses, performing experiments, and observing phenomena). The former process, "abstract reasoning concerning quantity or number" (as in mathematics and geometry), does indeed produce certainty. However, the latter process produces, at best, only probability (albeit often a strong probability), based as it is on the assumption of "the uniformity of nature" (that the universe will be the same in the future as it is in the present). Therefore, Hume's "empiricism" is qualified by its open-ended character (as scientific hypotheses are subject to revision as new evidence is produced).Hume's "skepticism" is also qualified. Although Hume admits that, technically, Pyrrhonism (excessive skepticism) cannot be philosophically disproven, Hume recommends the practicality of a "mitigated" or moderate skepticism that acknowledges the importance of common sense and common life.Hume's Enquiry is, one might quip, not an easy work for our "human understanding" to grasp. This is especially true of his erudite, but daunting, explications of cause and effect. Another challenging chapter deals with the ages-old dispute between determinism and free will. His controversial and provocative essay, "Of Miracles," caused howls of protest from those accusing him of atheism, and resulted in his forever being excluded from a professional academic career.The Clarendon Critical Edition of Hume's Enquiry is recommended. It contains a substantial (55-page) introduction by the editor (Tom L. Beauchamp, Professor of Philosophy at Georgetown University), who explains the intellectual background to the work and surveys its main themes. This edition also includes detailed explanatory notes on the text, annotations, a glossary of terms, a full list of references, and a section of supplementary readings.

I enjoyed this so much, I am actually going to buy the original - Hume's Treatise of Human Nature. Hume himself spent the rest of his life claiming to hate that book, written in the enthusiasm of his youth. This book was supposed to summarise his arguments in a much more "politically correct" way for back then. This book is extremely interesting, and Hume's writing on subjects like Miracles is absolutely superb. Written hundreds of years ago, it is still considered one of the most important books ever written in english.